cjensen
Well Known Member
Ok, as promised in the Eggenfellner thread, here's the article word for word copied from my copy in pdf format-
(It's too long, so it continues in the second post of this thread)
The ?NEW? Old Leaning Technique
There are many ?experts? today with new products and techniques to help customers in the operation of their engines. One that is receiving public attention by way of aggressive advertising is a company manufacturing fuel injection nozzles and espousing an operating technique that is ?better? than that recommended by the engine manufacturer. The newly discovered method of operating on the lean side of peak exhaust gas temperature has been known since Charles Lindbergh employed it to navigate the Atlantic Ocean and Max Conrad established distance records in his Comanche. This procedure was employed on large supercharged and turbocharged radial engines effectively during the era of large transport aircraft such as the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas D-6. Of course those of you who are knowledgeable about that part of aviation history know that there was a full time member of the flight crew, the Flight Engineer, responsible for engine management. He did not have to worry about flying the airplane or dealing with complicated ATC clearance instructions. There was a full panel of engine instruments and controls directly in front of him, including a detonation monitoring system and, in some installations, a torquemeter to avoid critical operational areas.
Operating on the lean side of peak exhaust temperature (EGT) or turbine inlet temperature (TIT) involves leaning the engine until EGT or TIT reaches a maximum and starts to decline. Theoretically it is the area of the combustion regime that corresponds to best economy (most miles per gallon). Lycoming recommends cruise operation at peat EGT or TIT, which is the point where the best economy range starts. For optimum service life, Lycoming suggest operating 50 degrees rich of peak EGT or TIT. On an engine like the TIO-540-AE2A, this translates into a difference in cruse fuel economy of approximately 2-3 gallons per hour compared with peak or lean of peak operation.
Operating lean of peak results in substantial reduction power output, more that 8% from that obtained with best power fuel flow. If leaning is initiated at 75% power and continued through 50 degree F lean side of peak, the actual power output at that point will be approximately 69%. No wonder the indicated fuel flow shows a dramatic reduction. Although the fuel economy seems attractive, the aircraft cruise suffers. To keep from wallowing through the sky, proponents encourage opening the throttle once leaned to regain lost power.
This is where the plot begins to thicken. There is a big difference between normally aspirated and turbocharged engines when employing this technique. With a normally aspirated engine, if leaning is initiated at 75% power and leaning past peak EGT is accomplished, it is unlikely (but not impossible) to induce detonation by opening the throttle to regain power. In our initial examples, both Lindberg and Conrad were operation engines that had little potential for detonation based on the fuel they were using. A highly turbocharged engine is another matter. Employing this same technique will put the engine into a narrow operating envelope where detonation is possible if the mixture is richened slightly. The only reason the engine does not experience detonation is that the mixture is too lean to support it. At this point, there are a number of factures that can assume control over your engine and cause problems. If the initial leaning is not accomplished carefully it is possible that the engine is not really set at 50 degrees lean of peak where intended. Properly leaning an engine is undoubtedly the least understood too area of power management. Most pilots lean too fast when looking for peak, thus they overshoot. Instead of moving the mixture lever gradually, the exercise becomes a series of rapid movements that ultimately fails to arrive at the correct setting. The best technique to establish peak EGT or TIT is to lean in small increments and allow time for the temperature to stabilize after each lever movement. Continuous movement of the mixture control lever should be avoided since it does not allow for adequate stabilizations time. That there are not more problems resulting from improper mixture control is because considerable margin is built in through the development and certification process. With turbocharged powerplants, the potential for causing engine damage through mismanagement is much grater. Remember that those large radial powerplants used as examples for the lean of peak methodology were cautiously operated at cruise powers of 65% and below where the possibility of bad results was greatly reduced.
During the attempt at power recovery, it is a major assumption that opening the throttle to regain power will not cause a richening of the mixture. Unfortunately, some fuel metering units tend to provide richer fuel schedules as the throttle is opened and manifold pressure is increased. This phenomenon is not discouraged since it helps promote engine cooling at high powers. Sometimes the amount of enrichment may vary from unit to unit. When adding manifold pressure on the lean side of peat TIT, this tendency could be catastrophic if the mixture richens significantly from the original desired set point.
Also, opening the throttle increases the pressure ration across the turbocharger compressor which in turn, raises the induction air temperature and decreases the air density. This decreased in induction air density will effectively result in a richer mixture. The expert says that operating lean of peak safeguards our engine in the event of a plugged fuel nozzle. Apparently, the expert does not understand how current Precision Airmotive Airmotive fuel injection systems really operate. Fuel in metered at the servo, then sent to the fuel nozzle. Plugging a nozzle actually results in sending more fuel to the remaining open nozzles. This essentially richens the mixture and may be enough to move one or more of the cylinders into detonation. Unfortunately, many of these variables are out of the control of the operator who is relying on the premise that this is just a simple leaning technique.
As the last strike, once the engine has been established in the lean of peak condition, and the throttle has been advanced for power recovery, there is no means to confirm that the mixture is properly leaned. The only way would be to richen the mixture to confirm peak TIT. This could move the engine in detonation. It is also not possible to confirm what margin remains between the setting and the onset of detonation. Detonation is not necessarily marked by the characteristic rattling or pinging readily identifiably by the operator. Instead it may be occasional or sporadic but still with the same potential for causing serious engine damage. The lean of peak methodology places strong emphasis on proper pilot techniques, accurate, calibrated engine instrumentation, and does not allow for confirmation of the proper mixture setting. Any lapse in either can be financially costly or worse.
Contiued below...
(It's too long, so it continues in the second post of this thread)
The ?NEW? Old Leaning Technique
There are many ?experts? today with new products and techniques to help customers in the operation of their engines. One that is receiving public attention by way of aggressive advertising is a company manufacturing fuel injection nozzles and espousing an operating technique that is ?better? than that recommended by the engine manufacturer. The newly discovered method of operating on the lean side of peak exhaust gas temperature has been known since Charles Lindbergh employed it to navigate the Atlantic Ocean and Max Conrad established distance records in his Comanche. This procedure was employed on large supercharged and turbocharged radial engines effectively during the era of large transport aircraft such as the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas D-6. Of course those of you who are knowledgeable about that part of aviation history know that there was a full time member of the flight crew, the Flight Engineer, responsible for engine management. He did not have to worry about flying the airplane or dealing with complicated ATC clearance instructions. There was a full panel of engine instruments and controls directly in front of him, including a detonation monitoring system and, in some installations, a torquemeter to avoid critical operational areas.
Operating on the lean side of peak exhaust temperature (EGT) or turbine inlet temperature (TIT) involves leaning the engine until EGT or TIT reaches a maximum and starts to decline. Theoretically it is the area of the combustion regime that corresponds to best economy (most miles per gallon). Lycoming recommends cruise operation at peat EGT or TIT, which is the point where the best economy range starts. For optimum service life, Lycoming suggest operating 50 degrees rich of peak EGT or TIT. On an engine like the TIO-540-AE2A, this translates into a difference in cruse fuel economy of approximately 2-3 gallons per hour compared with peak or lean of peak operation.
Operating lean of peak results in substantial reduction power output, more that 8% from that obtained with best power fuel flow. If leaning is initiated at 75% power and continued through 50 degree F lean side of peak, the actual power output at that point will be approximately 69%. No wonder the indicated fuel flow shows a dramatic reduction. Although the fuel economy seems attractive, the aircraft cruise suffers. To keep from wallowing through the sky, proponents encourage opening the throttle once leaned to regain lost power.
This is where the plot begins to thicken. There is a big difference between normally aspirated and turbocharged engines when employing this technique. With a normally aspirated engine, if leaning is initiated at 75% power and leaning past peak EGT is accomplished, it is unlikely (but not impossible) to induce detonation by opening the throttle to regain power. In our initial examples, both Lindberg and Conrad were operation engines that had little potential for detonation based on the fuel they were using. A highly turbocharged engine is another matter. Employing this same technique will put the engine into a narrow operating envelope where detonation is possible if the mixture is richened slightly. The only reason the engine does not experience detonation is that the mixture is too lean to support it. At this point, there are a number of factures that can assume control over your engine and cause problems. If the initial leaning is not accomplished carefully it is possible that the engine is not really set at 50 degrees lean of peak where intended. Properly leaning an engine is undoubtedly the least understood too area of power management. Most pilots lean too fast when looking for peak, thus they overshoot. Instead of moving the mixture lever gradually, the exercise becomes a series of rapid movements that ultimately fails to arrive at the correct setting. The best technique to establish peak EGT or TIT is to lean in small increments and allow time for the temperature to stabilize after each lever movement. Continuous movement of the mixture control lever should be avoided since it does not allow for adequate stabilizations time. That there are not more problems resulting from improper mixture control is because considerable margin is built in through the development and certification process. With turbocharged powerplants, the potential for causing engine damage through mismanagement is much grater. Remember that those large radial powerplants used as examples for the lean of peak methodology were cautiously operated at cruise powers of 65% and below where the possibility of bad results was greatly reduced.
During the attempt at power recovery, it is a major assumption that opening the throttle to regain power will not cause a richening of the mixture. Unfortunately, some fuel metering units tend to provide richer fuel schedules as the throttle is opened and manifold pressure is increased. This phenomenon is not discouraged since it helps promote engine cooling at high powers. Sometimes the amount of enrichment may vary from unit to unit. When adding manifold pressure on the lean side of peat TIT, this tendency could be catastrophic if the mixture richens significantly from the original desired set point.
Also, opening the throttle increases the pressure ration across the turbocharger compressor which in turn, raises the induction air temperature and decreases the air density. This decreased in induction air density will effectively result in a richer mixture. The expert says that operating lean of peak safeguards our engine in the event of a plugged fuel nozzle. Apparently, the expert does not understand how current Precision Airmotive Airmotive fuel injection systems really operate. Fuel in metered at the servo, then sent to the fuel nozzle. Plugging a nozzle actually results in sending more fuel to the remaining open nozzles. This essentially richens the mixture and may be enough to move one or more of the cylinders into detonation. Unfortunately, many of these variables are out of the control of the operator who is relying on the premise that this is just a simple leaning technique.
As the last strike, once the engine has been established in the lean of peak condition, and the throttle has been advanced for power recovery, there is no means to confirm that the mixture is properly leaned. The only way would be to richen the mixture to confirm peak TIT. This could move the engine in detonation. It is also not possible to confirm what margin remains between the setting and the onset of detonation. Detonation is not necessarily marked by the characteristic rattling or pinging readily identifiably by the operator. Instead it may be occasional or sporadic but still with the same potential for causing serious engine damage. The lean of peak methodology places strong emphasis on proper pilot techniques, accurate, calibrated engine instrumentation, and does not allow for confirmation of the proper mixture setting. Any lapse in either can be financially costly or worse.
Contiued below...
Last edited:
